CA · Data from 2022–2023 government sources
California, the Golden State, is the most populous state in the nation and the world's fifth-largest economy if measured as a country. From the redwood forests of the north to the sun-drenched beaches of the south, California encompasses an extraordinary range of landscapes, climates, and cultures. It is the birthplace of the American tech industry, the global entertainment capital, and a leader in agriculture, innovation, and environmental policy.
Think you know California? Test your geography skills.
Play GeoProwlCalifornia's Indigenous peoples lived in the region for at least 13,000 years before Spanish missionaries established a chain of 21 missions along the coast beginning in 1769. Mexico gained independence from Spain in 1821, and California became a Mexican territory. After the Mexican-American War and the 1848 Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, California was ceded to the United States. The discovery of gold at Sutter's Mill in 1848 triggered the Gold Rush, bringing hundreds of thousands of settlers and leading to California's admission as the 31st state in 1850.
California's GDP exceeds $3.6 trillion, driven by technology (Silicon Valley), entertainment (Hollywood), agriculture (the nation's top-producing state), aerospace, and international trade through its Pacific ports. The state produces over one-third of U.S. vegetables and two-thirds of its fruits and nuts. California is also the nation's leading producer of wine, almonds, strawberries, and dairy products.
California covers 163,696 square miles, making it the third-largest state. Its geography includes the Sierra Nevada mountain range (with 14,505-foot Mount Whitney, the tallest peak in the contiguous U.S.), the Central Valley (one of the most productive agricultural regions on Earth), Death Valley (the lowest and hottest point in North America at 282 feet below sea level), the volcanic Cascade Range, and over 840 miles of Pacific coastline. The San Andreas Fault runs approximately 800 miles through California, marking the boundary between the Pacific and North American tectonic plates. Lake Tahoe, straddling the California-Nevada border at 6,225 feet elevation, is the largest alpine lake in North America and reaches depths of over 1,600 feet.

Cabrillo National Monument — NPS Photo / Dan Zeller
Source: NPS API
California's cultural influence is unmatched in the United States, from Hollywood's century-long dominance of global entertainment to Silicon Valley's transformation of how the world communicates. The state's culinary scene pioneered the farm-to-table movement through Alice Waters' Chez Panisse in Berkeley (opened 1971) and now encompasses everything from Michelin-starred restaurants in San Francisco to the taco trucks of East Los Angeles. California wine country in Napa and Sonoma produces world-class vintages that famously defeated French wines in the 1976 Judgment of Paris blind tasting. Professional sports thrive with iconic franchises like the Los Angeles Lakers, San Francisco 49ers, and Los Angeles Dodgers, while the state's surf culture, born in the 1950s and 1960s, has shaped global fashion and lifestyle. The Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival and Outside Lands are among the most influential music festivals in the world.
The state capital, located at the confluence of the Sacramento and American Rivers. Once the endpoint of the Pony Express and the western terminus of the Transcontinental Railroad.
523,600
Population
$78,954
Median income
$450,500
Home value
$1,592
Median rent
35.2
Median age
6.3%
Unemployment
50.7%
Homeownership
81,609
Bachelor's+
The entertainment capital of the world and second-largest U.S. city. Home to Hollywood, a sprawling metro of nearly 13 million people, and iconic beaches from Malibu to Venice.
Known for the Golden Gate Bridge, cable cars, Alcatraz Island, and a thriving tech scene. Its diverse neighborhoods like Chinatown and the Mission District give it a cosmopolitan character.
A border city with a mild climate, world-famous zoo, and major naval presence. The Gaslamp Quarter and Balboa Park are cultural hubs.
The self-proclaimed Capital of Silicon Valley and the third-largest city in California. Headquarters to many of the world's largest technology companies.
Capital city data: Census Bureau ACS 5-Year (2022)
If California were a country, its economy would be the fifth-largest in the world, ahead of the United Kingdom and India.
California's General Sherman Tree in Sequoia National Park is the world's largest tree by volume, at over 52,500 cubic feet.
Death Valley holds the record for the highest reliably recorded air temperature on Earth: 134°F (56.7°C) on July 10, 1913.
California produces over 80% of the world's almonds, nearly all grown in the Central Valley.
The Hollywood sign was originally erected in 1923 as 'Hollywoodland' to advertise a real estate development.
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, ACS 5-Year Estimates (2022)
Source: USDA NASS, Census of Agriculture (2022)
Source: CDC BRFSS Prevalence Data (2023, 2022 fallback)
Source: National Park Service API
Source: NOAA Climate Normals (2010)
Sacramento is the capital of California. Despite being less famous than Los Angeles or San Francisco, it has been the state capital since 1854 and is the cultural and political center of the state.
California earned the nickname 'The Golden State' from the Gold Rush of 1848-1855, which brought over 300,000 people to the territory. The name also references the state's golden poppies, golden sunsets, and golden hills.
California's biggest industries include technology (Silicon Valley companies like Apple, Google, and Meta), entertainment (Hollywood film and TV), agriculture (the nation's #1 farm state), aerospace and defense, and international trade.
California has nine national parks — more than any other state. The most popular include Yosemite (granite cliffs, waterfalls), Joshua Tree (desert landscapes), Sequoia and Kings Canyon (giant trees), Death Valley (extreme desert), and Redwood (tallest trees on Earth).
Data sources
U.S. Census Bureau · USDA NASS · CDC BRFSS · National Park Service · NOAA CDO
This product uses the Census Bureau Data API but is not endorsed or certified by the Census Bureau. This product uses the NASS API but is not endorsed or certified by NASS.
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